Which technology utilizes spatial analysis to understand geographical relationships?

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are specifically designed to capture, store, analyze, manage, and visualize geographical data. GIS incorporates spatial analysis techniques that enable users to understand and interpret the relationships between different geographic elements. By layering various data sets in a spatial context, GIS allows for in-depth analysis, such as identifying patterns, trends, and correlations in the data related to geographic features.

This capability sets GIS apart from the other technologies mentioned. Remote sensing primarily focuses on gathering data about the Earth's surface using satellite or aerial imagery, but it does not inherently analyze geographical relationships. Aerial photography involves capturing images from the air and lacks the analytical framework provided by GIS. The Global Positioning System (GPS) offers precise location data but does not provide the analytical tools necessary for spatial relationships; instead, it serves primarily for navigation and location tracking.

Thus, GIS stands out as the technology that effectively utilizes spatial analysis to gain insights into geographical relationships, making it the most appropriate answer for this question.